Tugas 4 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Exercise 37:
1.   The last record that was produced by this company became a gold record.
2.   Checking accounts who require a minimum balance are very common now.
3.   The proffessor to whom you spoke yesterday is not here today.
4.   John, whose grades are the highest in the school, has received a sholarship.
5.   Felipe bought a camera that has three lenses.
6.   Frank is the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer.
7.   The doctor is with a patient whose leg was broken in an accident.
8.   Jane is the woman who is going to China next year.
9.   Janet wants a typewriter who self-corrects.
10. This book that I found last week contains some useful information.
11. Mr. Bryant, whose team has lost the game, looks very sad.
12. James wrote an article that indicated that he disliked the president.
13. The director of the program who graduated from Havard University is planning to retire next year.
14. This is the book that I have been looking for all the year.
15. William, whose brother is a lawyer, wants to become a judge.

Exercise 38:
1.   George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convention.
2.   All of the money accepted has already been realesed.
3.   The papers on the table belong to Patricia.
4.   The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime.
5.   The girl drinking coffee is Mary Allen.
6.   John's wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject.
7.   The man talking to the policeman is my uncle.
8.   The book on the top shelf is the one that I need.
9.   The number of students been counted is quite high.
10. Leo Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day.

Exercise 39:
1.   The teacher demanded the student to leave the room.
2.   It was urgent that he called her immediately.
3.   It was very important that we delayed discussion.
4.   She intends to move that the committee suspends discussion on this issue.
5.   The king decreed the new laws to take effect the following months.
6.   I propose that you should stop this rally.
7.   I advise you take the prerequisities before registeringfor this course.
8.   His father prefers him to attend a different university.
9.   The faculty stipulated the rule to be abolished.
10. She urged us to find another alternative.

Relative Clauses

A relative clause is a kind of subordinate clause that contains an element whose interpretation is provided by an antecedent on which the subordinate clause is grammatically dependent; that is, there is an anaphoric relation between the relativized element in the relative clause, and the antecedent on which it depends.

Typically, a relative clause modifies a noun or noun phrase, and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments within the relative clause has the same referent as that noun or noun phrase. For example, in the sentence I met a man who wasn't there, the subordinate clause who wasn't there is a relative clause, since it modifies the noun man, and uses the pronoun who to indicate that the same "man" is referred to within the subordinate clause (in this case, as its subject)....

In many European languages, relative clauses are introduced by a special class of pronouns called relative pronouns; such as who in the example just given. In other languages, relative clauses may be marked in different ways: they may be introduced by a special class of conjunctions called relativizers; the main verb of the relative clause may appear in a special morphological variant; or a relative clause may be indicated by word order alone. In some languages, more than one of these mechanisms may be possible.

A clause that generally modifies a noun or noun phraseand is introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or azero relative. Also known as an adjective clause.

A relative clause is one that’s connected to the main clause of the sentence by a word such as who,whom, which, that, or whose. 

For example:

• It reminded him of the house that he used to live in.
• The items, which are believed to be family heirlooms, included a grandfather clock worth around £3,000.

Examples and Observations:

• "It is not the employer who pays the wages. Employers only handle the money. It is the customer who pays the wages." (Henry Ford)
• "100% of the people who give 110% do not understand math." (Demtri Martin, This Is a Book. Grand Central, 2011)
• "More than 840,000 Vietnamese asylum seekers left the Communist regime and arrived in the countries of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. These people, who came to be known as the 'boat people,' risked their lives at sea in search for freedom." (Tai Van Nguyen, The Storm of Our Lives: A Vietnamese Family's Boat Journey to Freedom. McFarland, 2009)
• "She had plenty of acquaintances, but no friends. Very few people whom she met were significant to her. They seemed part of a herd, undistinguished." (D.H. Lawrence, The Rainbow, 1915)

Sumber:

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/relative-clauses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/relativeclterm.htm

The impact of social media

Janey Lee, a new faculty addition to Lehigh's Department of Journalism & Communication, is combining her interest in media psychology and political communication with her past career as a Korean journalist into a prolific body of social media research. Lee, who studies crucial aspects of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, recently completed three separate studies on how social media and social networking influence perception, attitudes and behaviors. 

Social networking sites have become a source of daily consumption for Internet users. As more people begin to embrace these sites as extended news outlets, Lee explores social media as a primary avenue for gathering news and political information and for formulating perceptions. In the study Who Says What About Whom: Young Voters' Impression Formation of Political Candidates on Social Networking Sites, published in the latest issue of Mass Communications and Society, Lee looked at how young voters' impressions of political candidates were formed by other people's Facebook posts. 

Using photos of both young and older candidates, Lee measured the impact of Facebook user comments on young voters. While some suggest that young Internet users are more influenced by other young people online, Lee discovered that, at least when it comes to politics, young voters seem to trust older users' evaluations more. And they are most impacted by older commenters' evaluations when the candidates are young. The takeaway, according to the study, is that there are many factors that influence political impressions in social media, including the type of comment, the age of the commenter and the age of the candidate. The study could point the way towards more sophisticated uses of social media for political parties. 

Influencing Opinions 

Because many young adults rely on social networking for political news, politicians are finding that they need to be active on social media for political success. In her forthcoming study, Are some people less influenced by others' opinions? The role of internal political self-efficacy and need for cognition in impression formation on SNS, Lee attempts to explain why politicians who gain success through social networking might be able to succeed in elections. In specific, she tested whether people with low political self-efficacy and low need for cognition were more influenced by others' comments when they evaluated an unknown political candidate. 

The paper will be published in the journal Cyberpsychology, Behavior, Social Networking. 

In this study, Lee analyzed the responses from her previous Facebook experiment. Participants were randomly exposed to a fictitious political candidate's Facebook profile page, accompanied by either positive or negative comments and then asked to rate the candidate's perceived trustworthiness and expertise. The results indicated that, although others' opinions were powerful cues, any influence was moderated by the participant's belief in their own ability to make informed decisions as well as by their tendency to think deeply about politics. Put plainly, individuals with lower self-efficacy and lower need for cognition were more influenced by others' opinions, so they tended to rely more on others' political evaluations. 

In a third, web-based experiment, "The double-edged sword: The effects of journalists' social media activities on audience perceptions of journalists and their news products," currently under review, she examines the influence that journalists' social media activities have on audience perceptions of them and the news they report. Taking into consideration that social media sites have become a major news source for Americans, Lee wanted to raise awareness that journalists' social media activities have significant implications for them and their news products. The study viewed journalists' social media activity as both a mix of interpersonal and mass communication. Few experimental studies have examined the implications of journalists' social media activities for the journalists themselves. Given the growing number of journalists using social media to connect, the study is key to understanding the impact of social media activities. 

In the online experiment, a mock Facebook page for fictitious journalist David Miller was shown to participants. Participants could see two news links Miller had posted on his wall and their lead sentences, followed by two readers' visible comments underneath each post. While the basic settings of the Facebook profile were kept the same, only the second news article and Miller's self-disclosure and interaction levels were manipulated depending on experimental conditions. In one condition, Miller added his personal experiences and thoughts when he posted news links. In the other, he provided feedback to all reader comments below his posts. 

Lee found that participants perceived Miller more positively in personal dimensions when his Facebook page was self-disclosing and interactive, whereas their professional evaluations of Miller were negative when his page was interactive. The results also indicated that the personal and professional perceptions transferred to the perceptions of their news, showing that journalists' social media activities indirectly influenced the evaluations of their news products. 

Sumber: http://phys.org/news/2014-09-impact-social-media.html

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 3

Exercise 32: Enough
1. People enough
2. French enough
3. Enough time
4. Fast enough
5. Soon enough
6. Enough early
7. Hard enough
8. Slowly enough
9. Enough flour
10. Books enough

Exercise 33: Bacause/because of
1. Because of
2. Because of
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because
6. Because
7. Because of
8. Because of
9. Because of
10. Because of

Exercise 34: So/such
1. So
2. Such
3. Such
4. So
5. So
6. So
7. Such
8. So
9. So
10. Such
11. So
12. So
13. Such
14. So
15. So

Exercise 35: Passive Voice
1. The President is called by somebody every day.
2. The other members are being called by John.
3. Mr. Watson will be called by somebody tonight.
4. Considerable damage has been caused by the fire.
5. The supplies should be bought be the teacher for this class.

Exercise 36: Causative Verbs
1. Leave
2. Repaired
3. Typed
4. Call
5. Painted
6. Write
7. Lie
8. Send
9. Cut
10. Signed
11. Leave
12. Washed
13. To fix
14. Published
15. To find

Passive, Active, and Causative verbs

We often use the passive to describe a process or emphasize the action rather than who is doing the action. Some of the TOEIC Grammar questions will test your knowledge on the structure and use of the passive form. We’ll first take a look at the structure. 

Structure 

The passive always contains: To be + past participle 

The verb ‘To be’ can be conjugated in any tense: 

• Present simple: am, is, are. Present continuous: am/is/are being 
• Past simple: was, were. Past continuous: was/were being 
• Present perfect: has/have been. Past perfect: had been 
• Future: will be. With modals: can/could/must/would/should… be 
• Modals in the past: could/should/would/must have been. The past participle for ‘regular verbs’ is ‘-ed’: ask -> asked. For irregular verbs, you need to check an irregular verb list; past participles are in the third column:write – wrote – written 
• The fees were included in the contract. 
• The prices will be written on the quotation. 
• The operators have been asked to speed up production. In the above examples, we don’t know who included the fees, who will write the quotation, nor who have asked the operators. This information is not considered necessary or important. However, it can be included if necessary by adding the ‘by’ after the past participle:
• One of the most famous social network companies was founded by a college drop-out. 

Usage 

The passive is used more commonly in writing especially in reports, textbooks, in industry, science and technology to describe processes, and for official rules. We use the passive in these cases because we don’t always know who the ‘agent’ is. 

Compare the active and the passive in the following examples: 

ACTIVE  

• People have used this application for a long time. 
• You freeze-dry the reagent in the vials. 
• Someone has to count the points at the end. 

PASSIVE

• This application has been used for a long time.
• Reagents are freeze-dried in the vials.
• The points have to be counted at the end.

Causative Verbs 

Causative verbs are used to show that a person causes, makes or enables another person to do something or make something happen. The structure of these types of sentences can be confusing as the verb after the causative verb may be in either the infinitive without ‘to’, the ‘to-infinitive’ or the past participle depending on the causative verb used. 

Causative Verb + infinitive without ‘to’	The director	made will have could have let	John install the new computers.
Causative Verb + ‘to-infinitive’	The director	got wants will allow could permit	John to install the new computers.
Causative Verb + Past Participle	The director	had got	the new computers installed (by John).

>‘Have’ someone do something indicates that a person used his/her authority to obtain the result. 

· The production manager had the technicians modify the electrical outlets. 

> ‘Get’ someone to do something indicates that the person persuaded someone else to do something. 

· The Human Resources Manager got the employees to sign a worksite safety agreement. 

> When we use the past participle, we don’t say who carried out the action. 

· We’ve had the new protocol checked and certified. 

· They got the machine operator to look for the cause of the defects. 

> ‘Let’ someone do something means to give someone permission and is similar to ‘allow’. 

· Their employer lets them leave early on Fridays in the summer. 

> ‘Make’ someone do something is more like ‘force’ someone to do something. 

· She made me write a letter of apology even though I had done nothing wrong. 

Sumber: https://global-exam.com/en/toeic-grammar-passive-versus-active-causative-verbs

15 Easy Ways to Be Healthier

More and more research is showing that the key to lifelong good health is what experts call “lifestyle medicine” — making simple changes in diet, exercise and stress management. To help you turn that knowledge into results, we’ve put together this manageable list of health and wellness action steps. 

We asked three experts — a naturopathic physician, a nutritionist, and a personal trainer — to tell us the top five simple-but-significant lifestyle-medicine changes they recommend. 

Besides giving you three different takes on how to pick your health battles, this list gives you choices you can make without being whisked off to a reality-show fat farm — or buying a second freezer for those calorie-controlled, pre-portioned frozen meals. 

James Rouse, N.D.

Naturopathic physician, triathlete, chef, author and host of TV’s “Optimum Wellness,” health-tip segments featured on NBC affiliates in several major cities. 

1. Think positive and focus on gratitude 

Research shows a healthy positive attitude helps build a healthier immune system and boosts overall health. Your body believes what you think, so focus on the positive. 

2. Eat your vegetables 

Shoot for five servings of vegetables a day — raw, steamed, or stir-fried. A diet high in vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of developing cancers of the lung, colon, breast, cervix, esophagus, stomach, bladder, pancreas and ovary. And many of the most powerful phytonutrients are the ones with the boldest colors — such as broccoli, cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, grapes and leafy greens. 

3. Set a “5-meal ideal” 

What, when and how much you eat can keep both your metabolism and your energy levels steadily elevated, so you’ll have more all-day energy. A "5 meal ideal" will help you manage your weight, keep your cool, maintain your focus and avoid cravings. 

4. Exercise daily 

Did you know that daily exercise can reduce all of the biomarkers of aging? This includes improving eyesight, normalizing blood pressure, improving lean muscle, lowering cholesterol and improving bone density. If you want to live well and live longer, you must exercise! Studies show that even 10 minutes of exercise makes a difference — so do something! Crank the stereo and dance in your living room. Sign up for swing dancing or ballroom-dancing lessons. Walk to the park with your kids or a neighbor you’d like to catch up with. Jump rope or play hopscotch. Spin a hula hoop. Play water volleyball. Bike to work. Jump on a trampoline. Go for a hike. 

5. Get at good night's sleep 

If you have trouble sleeping, try relaxation techniques such as meditation andyoga. Or eat a small bedtime snack of foods shown to help shift the body and mind into sleep mode: whole grain cereal with milk, oatmeal, cherries or chamomile tea. Darken your room more and turn your clock away from you. Write down worries or stressful thoughts to get them out of your head and onto the page. This will help you put them into perspective so you can quit worrying about them.

Christina Reiter, M.S., R.D. 

Resident consulting dietitian at the University of Colorado–Boulder Wardenburg Health Center for Nutrition Education and Therapies and former director of the nutrition program at Metropolitan State College of Denver.

1. Check your food ’tude 

What we eat and how we feel are linked in very complex ways. A healthy approach to eating is centered on savoring flavor, eating to satisfaction and increasing energy, rather than focusing on weight. Check your balance of low-calorie foods, nutrient-dense foods (providing many nutrients per calorie), and foods that are calorie dense but nutrient poor. Most Americans need to eat more fresh whole foods (in contrast to processed, highly refined foods). Try to add more whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, and legumes into your meals. Pair these carbohydrate-rich foods with a healthy fat or lean protein to extend satisfaction. 

2. Eat like a kid 

If adding more fruits and vegetables sounds ominous, look to “finger food” versions that preschool kids love — carrot and celery sticks, cherry tomatoes, broccoli florets, grapes, berries and dried fruits. All are nutritional powerhouses packed with antioxidants. 

3. Be a picky eater 

Limit saturated fats and trans fats, and aim to eat more foods rich in anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids to cut your risk of cardiovascular disease and maybe even improve depressed moods. The equivalent of just 1 gram of EPA/DHA (eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid) daily is recommended. Eating cold-water oily fish (wild salmon, herring, sardines, trout) two to three times per week will provide both EPA and DHA. Adding up to 2 tablespoons of ground flaxseed and eating meat, milk and cheese from grass-fed animals will provide you with a healthy dose of omega-3s. 

4. Use foods over supplements 

Supplements are not a substitute for a good diet. Although many health experts recommend taking a multivitamin and mineral supplement that provides 100 to 200 percent of your recommended daily value, each and every supplement should be carefully evaluated for purity and safety. Specific supplements have been associated with toxicity, reactions with medications, competition with other nutrients, and even increased risk of diseases such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes. 

5. Get satisfaction 

Both eating and physical activity are fun, sensory experiences! In both, aim for pleasure — not pain. Pay attention to the nutritional value of the foods you choose to eat, as well as your sense of satisfaction, relaxation, tension, exhilaration and fatigue when you sit down to eat. Check in with yourself as you eat, rekindling your recognition of hunger, fullness and satisfaction when considering when and how much to eat.

Rick Olderman, M.S., P.T. 

A physical therapist and owner of Z-Line Training in Denver, Colo., offering rehabilitation, personal training, Pilates instruction, motivational injury-prevention seminars, employee fitness program development and custom foot orthotics casting. 

1. Give yourself a break 

“I spend countless hours doing cardio and never seem to lose that last 10 pounds!” is a common complaint I hear from clients. Give yourself permission to shorten your workout. Believe it or not, overtraining could be the problem. Your body can plateau if not given adequate rest to restore itself, ultimately leading to a decline in performance. Fatigue, moodiness, lack of enthusiasm, depression and increased cortisol (the “stress” hormone) are some hallmarks of overtraining syndrome. Creating a periodization program — breaking up your routine into various training modes — can help prevent overtraining by building rest phases into your regimen. For example, you might weight train on Monday and Wednesday, cycle on Tuesday and Thursday, run on Friday and rest on Saturday and Sunday. You can also help balance your program by simply incorporating more variety. 

2. Think small 

Often the biggest deterrent to improving health is feeling overwhelmed by all the available advice and research. Try to focus first on one small, seemingly inconsequential, unhealthy habit and turn it into a healthy, positive habit. If you’re in the habit of eating as soon as you get home at night, instead keep walking shoes in the garage or entryway and take a quick spin around the block before going inside. If you have a can of soda at lunchtime every day, have a glass of water two days a week instead. Starting with small, painless changes helps establish the mentality that healthy change is not necessarily painful change. It’s easy to build from here by adding more healthy substitutions. 

3. Keep good company 

You can do all the right things — but if you have personal relationships with people who have unhealthy habits, it is often an uphill battle. The healthiest people are those who have relationships with other healthy people. Get your family or friends involved with you when you walk or plan healthier meals. Making healthy changes with a loved one can bring you closer together as well as motivate you. 

4. Make a list … and check it twice 

Take a few minutes and write down all the reasons you can’t begin an exercise program. Then look at the basis of each reason. For instance, if you wrote, “No time” as one of your reasons, then perhaps that’s based on a belief that an exercise program takes a lot of time. Starting with even five minutes a day will have a positive effect because you will have created a healthy habit where one didn’t exist before, and that’s a powerful mental adjustment. A closer look at your list will expose those false beliefs hiding behind each excuse. 

5. Sign up for an event 

Let’s face it, exercising just for the sake of exercising or losing weight can get boring. Spice things up by signing up for an event like a run/walk race or a cycling ride where you can be part of a team. Doing so gives your workouts a new purpose, and it’s fun to be around others who are exercising just like you — not to mention that most events benefit nonprofit organizations, which doubles your feel-good high.

sumber: http://life.gaiam.com/article/15-easy-ways-be-healthier

The Health Benefits of Milk

Despite their children's begging and pleading for soda or juice, many parents never serve anything other than milk with dinner. "Drink your milk," they say. "It's good for you."

As adults, we're all well-acquainted with this idea. Milk is good for us. But beyond this vague notion and the familiar milk-mustache media campaign, confusion clouds the specifics of exactly why that is. What about milk is good for us? How does it really improve our health? Experts share the makeup of milk and dive into the details that make this drink a dietary staple for millions of Americans.


Milk's Makeup

According to the National Dairy Council, milk is filled with nine essential nutrients that benefit our health:
Calcium: Builds healthy bones and teeth; maintains bone mass
Protein: Serves as a source of energy; builds/repairs muscle tissue
Potassium: Helps maintain a healthy blood pressure
Phosphorus: Helps strengthen bones and generate energy
Vitamin D: Helps maintain bones
Vitamin B12: Maintains healthy red blood cells and nerve tissue
Vitamin A: Maintains the immune system; helps maintain normal vision and skin
Riboflavin (B2): Converts food into energy
Niacin: Metabolizes sugars and fatty acids

In other words, milk packs quite a punch when it comes to nutrition—and you don't have to drink a gallon to reap the benefits, the National Dairy Council says. In fact, the council says that just one 8-ounce glass of milk provides the same amount of vitamin D you'd get from 3.5 ounces of cooked salmon, as much calcium as 2 1/4 cups of broccoli, as much potassium as a small banana, as much vitamin A as two baby carrots and as much phosphorus as a cup of kidney beans!


Milk and Weight Loss

All of these nutrients contribute to our overall health and wellness, and they can even play a part in weight loss, says Dr. Brian Roy, an associate professor of applied health sciences at Canada's Brock University.

Dr. Roy published a study on the impact milk has on the body post-exercise. While he admits there's some controversy surrounding milk's influence on weight loss and body fat in general, he also shares that recent studies have shown that when milk was consumed by young adults after weight training, they lost more body fat and gained more muscle mass than those who had consumed different drinks that contained the same energy and macronutrients.

"The important message from this is that it is probably important to include multiple servings of milk as a part of your daily diet," Dr. Roy says. "However, simply adding more milk to your diet will add to your total energy intake. So, if you add more milk to your diet, it likely will be most effective if it replaces other sources of energy from your diet, to ensure you are not consuming excess calories."

sumber: http://www.oprah.com/food/The-Health-Benefits-of-Milk

Adjective

An adjective is a kind of word that modifies a noun. Nouns are words that name a place, a person, a thing, or an idea. An adjective is a word that gives more information about the noun that goes with it.

As a rule, in English, the adjective comes before the noun it describes. It is also a part of speech.

Exceptions
Sometimes an adjective is not followed by a noun:
The sky is blue.
The joke she told was so funny, I could not stop laughing all day.
He went crazy.
It's still an adjective, because we could have "the blue sky", "the funny joke", and "the crazy man". The adjective is still describing the noun though they are not side by side.
There is a tall man.

An adjective is a word that gives instant information about a noun to make a clear picture of the noun in the mind of the reader and create a feeling of the writer.

Adjectives are words we use to describe the noun. Simple words like sparkling and fat are both adjectives commonly used in writing. One can make adverbs from some adjectives by adding the suffix ly. Example: take the adjective "beautiful," the adverb is beautifully. One can do it the other way around: take an adverb like "presumably," the adjective is "presumable" (assumable). "Presumable innocence" means the accused is assumed to be innocent until proven guilty (which is not always practiced everywhere, however).

The adjective "guilty" becomes the adverb "guiltily" and vice versa (the other way round)(the opposite), the adverb "guiltily" becomes the adjective "guilty." As a rule, "dogs chase cats" but not vice versa. Cats seldom chase dogs.

Sumber: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Excercise 26: Adjective and Adverb
1. Well
2. Intense
3. Brightly
4. Fluent
5. Fluently
6. Smooth
7. Accurately
8. Bitter
9. Soon
10. Fast

Excercise 27: Linking (Copulative) Verb
1. Terrible
2. Good
3. Good
4. Calm
5. Sick
6. Quickly
7. Diligently
8. Vehemently
9. Relaxed
10. Noisy

Exercise 28: Comparisons
1. As soon
2. More important
3. As well
4.More expensive
5. As hot
6. More talented
7. More colorful
8. Happier
9. Worse
10. Faster

Exercise 29: Comparisons
1. Than
2. Than
3. From
4. Than
5. As
6. Than
7. As
8. Than
9. Than
10. From

Excersice 30: Comparisons
1. Better
2. Happiest
3. Faster
4. Creamiest
5. More colorful
6. Better
7. Good
8. More awkwardly
9. Least
10. Prettier
11. The best
12. Than
13. Less impressive
14. The Sicker
15. Than
16. Twice as much as
17. Few
18. Much
19. Farhest
20. More famous

Definition of Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are so called because the validity of the maun clause of the sentence is conditional on the existence of certain circumstances, which may be expressed in a dependent clause or may be understood from the contenxt.

A full conditional sentences (one which expresses the condition as well as its consequences) therefore contains two clauses: the dependent clause expressing the condition, calles the protasis: and the main clause expressing the consequence, called the apodosis. An example of such a sentence is the following: If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled.

Here the condition is expressed by the clause "If it rains", this being the protasis, while the consequence is expressed by "the picnic will be cancelled", thus being the apodosis. (The protasis may either precede or follow the apodosis: it is equally possible to say "The picnic will be cancelled if it rains"). In term of logic, the protasis corresponds to the antecedent, and the apodosis to the consequent.

Laguages use a variety of grammatical forms and constructions in conditional sentences. The form of verbs used in the protasis and apodasis are often subject to particular rules as regards their tense and mood. Many languages have a specialized type of verb form calles the conditinal mood.


Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence

Conditional Sentence

Exercise 21: Conditional Sentence. Page: 97
1. Were understand
2. Wouldn't have been
3. Will give
4. Would have told
5. Would have been
6. Had
7. Could stop
8. Were need
9. Would have found
10. Enjoyed
11. Paint
12. Were
13. Has write
14. Could have permitted
15. Were spending
16. Will accept
17. Has buy
18. Has decided
19. Would have written
20. Will leak
21. Had studied
22. Has hear
23. See
24. Has get
25. Turn
26. Were
27. Would have called
28. Would have talked
29. Explained
30. Spoke

Exercise 22, Page 99
1. Eating
2. Eat
3. Swim
4. Like
5. Speaking
6. Studying
7. Dance
8. Sleeping
9. Eating
10. Eating

Exercise 23, Page 101
1. Stay
2. Have stayed
3. Work
4. Study
5. Not study
6. Have
7. Had stood
8. Not cook
9. Hand't arrived
10. Have slept

Exercise 24, Page 105
1. Should have had
2. Must have been
3. Must have damaged
4. Must not have parked
5. Must have studied
6. Should have studied
7. Must have been
8. Should have deposited
9. Must have forgotten
10. Must not have studied

Exercise 25, Page 105
1. I would
2. Would have gone
3. May have had
4. Should have done
5. Must have forgotten
6. May have slept
7. Might have had
8. Could have lost
9. Shouldn't have driven
10. May have run